Author

Dato' Tengku Ab. Aziz Tengku Mahmud (Ta), Ceo of Pnb Merdeka Ventures, and Ar. Ahmad Farid Baharuddin (Fb), Principal of Rsp Architects — Share their insights and perspectives on the iconic merdeka 118 and the surrounding precinct.

Interview by Ar. David Teoh and Ar. Edric Choo

Monday, 3rd March 2025, 2.30pm – 3.30pm, Kelambi, Level 92, Merdeka 118

 

(From left) Ar. Farid Baharuddin, Dato' Tengku Abdul Aziz Tengku Mahmud, Ar. Edric Choo and Ar. David Teoh

Merdeka 118 inauguration on 10 January 2024 by the King of Malaysia, Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri’ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah. Also present were PNB Group chairman Tan Sri Raja Arshad Raja Tun Uda (left) and PNB Group president and chief executive Ahmad Zulqarnain Onn

Rising 678 metres above Kuala Lumpur, Merdeka 118 is the world’s second-tallest building and a striking new symbol of Malaysia’s ambition. Developed by PNB Merdeka Ventures, a subsidiary of Permodalan Nasional Berhad (PNB) — a state-owned investment company — the tower anchors a 19-acre precinct on the historic site of Merdeka Park, next to Stadium Merdeka where the nation’s independence was declared in 1957. Blending heritage, public spaces, retail, hospitality, and workplaces, Merdeka 118 is reshaping the southern edge of the city’s historic core.

The architects of this tower are Fender Katsalidis, an internationally acclaimed Australian architecture studio behind landmarks such as the Eureka Tower in Melbourne, and RSP Architects Sdn Bhd, one of Malaysia’s leading architectural practices with an extensive portfolio of major developments. Together, they have delivered a design that fuses global expertise with local insight, creating a tower that is both technically ambitious and deeply rooted in its cultural context.

In this feature, we speak with Dato’ Tengku Ab. Aziz Tengku Mahmud (TA), CEO of PNB Merdeka Ventures, and Ar. Ahmad Farid Baharuddin (FB), Principal of RSP Architects, to share their insights on this landmark project and its surrounding precinct. Guiding the conversation are Ar. David Teoh (DT) and Ar. Edric Choo (EC).

INCEPTION

DT Tell us what inspired PNB to eventually decide upon the current development masterplan, which includes the iconic Merdeka 118.

TA We went through a long process to determine what kind of development we wanted to implement in this area. Out of the 40 acres, a portion is dedicated to heritage, which is a state matter. So, what can we do with the remaining space? How do we create a project that respects the past while also having the potential for economic growth in the future?

Initially, we could have started with a series of 50-storey buildings, just like a typical development, but in 2010, we decided to take a different approach. Once we had that in mind, it completely changed the parameters. Having a 118-storey tower in place meant that the urban design and overall development had to be viewed in that context. We wanted to consolidate multiple smaller buildings into one iconic tower, optimising space and respecting the heritage elements.

PNB wanted to create a landmark that reflects Malaysia’s heritage while driving economic growth. The master plan was inspired by the historical significance of Stadium Merdeka and the need for a modern, world-class development that also benefits the community. Merdeka 118 was designed to celebrate the nation’s past while shaping its future, providing commercial spaces, cultural attractions, and improved public areas.

EC Was this project initiated by the Malaysian Government or mooted by PNB?

TA This project was initiated by PNB as part of its long-term investment strategy. It was developed to create a meaningful landmark while contributing to economic and community growth.

Yes, since this was a significant undertaking, we needed to secure the government's support. It wasn’t initiated by the federal government, but something we thought was necessary to generate economic activity. We also had many meetings with Kuala Lumpur City Hall to have their support, along with other authorities. Once we received the necessary endorsements, it provided the green light for the project to move forward.

EC Did PNB specify the site for the various components, or was it left to the Architect?

TA PNB earmarked this location and established the overall vision and key site requirements for the development. While the architects were given a clear brief, they also had the creative freedom to design the mixed-use development that achieves optimal design, functionality, and seamless integration with the surrounding area.

SELECTION OF ARCHITECTS

EC How did PNB decide on the architects and consultant team for the project? Was there a competition — if so, what was the nature of the competition?

TA PNB selected the architects and consultants through a rigorous evaluation process to ensure the best expertise for the project, and Fender Katsalidis (FK) was appointed. It had to be an iconic development which is how the height of the tower came about - starting with 50 storeys, followed by 100 and finally 118 with transfer floors, mechanical floors and an observation deck, amongst others. Fender Katsalidis submitted five designs, and the Board approved the diamond shape crystalline concept.

We didn’t start with a competition because we had a very tight six-month timeframe. Instead, we identified international architects who had to create a global masterpiece. Given the scale of the investment, we had to ensure that we were making the right decision.

EC Why was there such urgency in making this decision?

TA In 2010, the country was heading toward a possible economic downturn. At that time, the government decided to introduce two key projects to stimulate the economy: one was a series of highways, and the other was this building project. It was a strategic move to pump investments into the economy while ensuring long-term viability.

DT How did RSP first get involved in this project? Did RSP participate jointly with FKA?

FB We were appointed separately by the Client due to our project portfolio and track record, as we had been involved in many other high-rise buildings in Malaysia, including the Felda Headquarters, a 50-storey building, and the NAZA Headquarters, also a 50-storey building. Under construction is the 8 Conlay Development, consisting of the 72-storey Kempinsky Hotel and the 61 and 56-storey Residential Apartments.

DIVISION OF SCOPE

DT Generally, how were responsibilities divided between FKA and RSP?

FB At the beginning of the project, FKA takes the lead in the Concept and Schematic Design phases, focusing on the overall architectural vision, spatial planning, and fundamental design concepts. Their involvement is nearly 100% at this stage, while RSP remained in the background. Since RSP’s role is more technical—ensuring the project complies with local codes and regulations—we stepped in later, when the detailed design and compliance became more critical. A key part of our role at this stage is advising FKA on local requirements to bridge the gap between design intent and Construction implementation.

As the project moved into the Design Development phase, the balance began to shift. While FKA remained actively involved, RSP started taking on more responsibility, especially in the Construction Documentation phase, where we prepared the project specifications and tender documents. At this point, detailed drawings and specifications are developed, building upon FKA’s original design intent and specifications.

When it comes to local compliance, most decisions are left to RSP. As the Principal Submitting Person (PSP) to the local authorities, we worked closely with the rest of the consultant team to obtain approvals and ensured the building complied with all relevant regulatory requirements.

As the project neared completion, RSP took over all remaining coordination works. If any major design changes were required, we would consult with FKA to ensure that everything remained true to the original design intent. By the time the project reached the Construction Administration and Post-Construction phases, RSP was fully in control, overseeing execution, quality control, and final adjustments. RSP would go through and arrange all the necessary authority inspections, especially City Hall and the Fire and Rescue Department, while FKA’s involvement was reduced. Both firms work closely together, combining our strengths and expertise to keep the process running smoothly from start to finish.

DT Could you describe the working arrangements at the outset, and what the working relationship was like throughout the entire process?

FB During construction, FKA would have a full-time representative in Malaysia to oversee the development of the building and the construction detailing. Both firms work closely together, combining their expertise to ensure a smooth process from start to finish. For example, both are responsible for responding to the contractor’s Requests for Information (RFI) and reviewing architectural detailing during the shop drawing review.

Regular coordination meetings and workshops, organised by either the Project Manager or the contractor, keep both firms actively engaged in the process. Even during the pandemic, coordination continued seamlessly through online meetings, with frequent communication maintained via digital platforms. This ensured that all project information remained well-documented, transparent, and accessible to the Client as part of the project’s audit trail.

CONSTRUCTION CHALLENGES

DT From the Architect’s perspective, what were the challenges faced when constructing this supertall tower?

FB One of the biggest challenges in building a supertall tower is the structure of the building. For a project above 70 stories, it was a good practice to have some form of checks and balances in the structure design.

So, the Concept Structure Engineer, Thornton Tomasetti, the engineer from New York, had their design peer-reviewed by Leslie Robertson, who designed the World Trade Center. The wind tunnel study, which was also a requirement, was done by RWDI - Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin from Canada and had their work peer-reviewed by CPPCermak Peterka Peterson from Australia.

The stiffness of the core wall is not always sufficient to resist wind load and seismic forces. Tall buildings tend to sway and twist due to wind loads and wind pressures on the façade.

Therefore, the Engineers have incorporated belt trusses and outriggers to reduce the lateral drift and to control deflection. We have single-storey belt trusses located at Levels 25-26, 60-61, and 96-97, and three-storey belt trusses located at Levels 40-43, 75-78, and 113-116.

There are also 8 mega columns measuring 4.5 x 5m that were introduced along the perimeter to provide additional stiffness.

The other challenge was obtaining Fire Department approvals. This was especially critical for our project, as it's the first of its kind in Malaysia and the second-tallest tower in the world.

A major hurdle was getting the local Fire Department to be familiar with the unique fire evacuation system designed for the tower. The OEO (Occupant Evacuation Operations) Lifts are specially designed for evacuation. This is an innovation from the ICC International Building Code 2009, NFPA 101 Life Safety Code and ASME A17.1: Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, introduced after the collapse of the World Trade Center.

Evacuation using the staircase alone would take hours and would not be advisable, especially for individuals with disabilities. The OEO passenger lift system reduces the overall building evacuation time compared to using only the required exit staircases.

Priority is given to the Fire Floor where the Alarm Floor is triggered, followed by the floor above and the floor below. Occupants are evacuated to a Point of Safety in the building identified as the ‘Sky Lobby’. We have Sky Lobbies at Levels 40 & 41 and Levels 75 & 76.

Since nothing like this had been implemented in Malaysia before, we had to work closely with the Fire Department to ensure they fully understood how it worked. We had to conduct multiple presentations with our Fire Engineer to walk them through the system and address any concerns.

Thankfully, the Fire Department was highly supportive throughout the process, which helped us secure the fire safety approvals on time. Inspections and clearances for the project's first Partial CCC also went smoothly, keeping things on track.

DT From the Client’s perspective, what would you deem were the major challenges for the Merdeka 118 project?

TA While every project presents its unique set of challenges, building next to two heritage stadiums required a more careful approach, putting in place appropriate safety and construction mitigating plans.

The financial challenge of constructing Merdeka 118 was overcoming potential cost overruns despite a 6-month delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This was achieved through a transparent tender process and effective commercial management, which kept costs within contingencies.

Construction challenges were tackled through collaboration with partners and authorities, securing extended working hours to maintain project timelines and boost productivity. Technical hurdles, such as supporting the tower’s weight on deep-bore piles near sensitive structures, were overcome with strategic planning and the use of a cofferdam. Design complexities were addressed by incorporating sustainable technologies and high-speed lifts to ensure efficiency and safety.

EC How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect the progress of the works?

TA By the time COVID-19 hit, most of our contracts were already in place, and 90% of the materials had been procured. This helped us avoid major logistical delays. However, the pandemic did force a temporary halt in construction, and we had to ensure security at the site during that period.

INNOVATION

DT What do you deem to be the major innovations introduced in this project; could you name innovations that were the world’s firsts and innovations that were new to Malaysia?

FB Wind engineering played a crucial role. We conducted extensive wind tunnel testing to optimise the design and reduce wind loads. The tower’s unique shape helps break up wind patterns, making the structure more stable.

We also introduced advanced fire evacuation systems. Instead of requiring all floors to evacuate at once, we designed a staggered evacuation plan that allows people to move safely to the point of safety (sky lobby) before proceeding further down. This system is based on international best practices and was validated by fire engineers from the U.S.

TA The Merdeka 118 project features several key innovations in design, engineering, and sustainability. It integrates advanced building technologies and sustainable solutions, some of which are new to Malaysia, enhancing efficiency and the overall experience for both visitors and those based in the tower.

Designed with a forward-thinking approach, Merdeka 118 remains relevant a decade after its inception, demonstrating how architectural vision can stand the test of time. It is also built with cutting-edge safety features, including an evacuation lift system designed for use during emergencies, a first of its kind in the country. Merdeka 118 tower is now LEED Platinum certified and is actively working towards GBI and GreenRE certifications, reinforcing its commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility.

URBAN CONTEXT

EC How do you see this tower in relation to the urban context and surrounding neighbourhood?

FB This tower is located in the heart of KL, in Petaling Street, one of Kuala Lumpur's most famous tourist spots, and it's right next to Stadium Negara and Stadium Merdeka, and Chin Woo Stadium, which are important national landmarks.

It is also part of the Golden Triangle, in the heart of the city's modern business and shopping districts. Chinatown is located on Petaling Street, featuring smaller, unique shops and numerous local restaurants that attract not only locals but also tourists seeking a unique experience in Kuala Lumpur.

I see the tower as a kind of bridge between these two areas: the traditional, lively atmosphere of Petaling Street and the sleek, modern vibe of the business district. Bringing them together with a prominent new tower like this one will help shape a more connected and dynamic urban space for the city as it continues to grow and develop.

DT Does the tower draw inspiration from the local context or architecture?

FB Yes, the design of the tower seamlessly incorporates elements of local architecture, reflecting a deep connection to the region’s cultural heritage. The building's unique faceted façade, resembling an elongated crystalline diamond, is inspired by traditional attire, particularly the intricate songket motif, which features triangulated and crystalline patterns. This design language extends throughout the interior, including the main foyer, where triangulated patterns are also evident. The main reception desk in the lobby draws influence from the Minangkabau roof of Negeri Sembilan. This iconic roof, a hallmark of traditional Malay architecture, has profoundly shaped vernacular design in Malaysia. Its sweeping, curved shape has become a symbol of cultural identity and plays an essential role in the history of Malaysian architecture.

During the recent UIAKL Forum, an audience member asked Karl Fender if the tower’s iconic form was inspired by the image of Tunku Abdul Rahman. While the silhouette of the building does indeed bear a resemblance to Tunku Abdul Rahman raising his hand in the Declaration of Independence, it was ultimately concluded that this similarity is purely coincidental. Nonetheless, this interpretation has captured the public imagination, sparking widespread discussion. As a result, it has added sentimental value to the tower, especially given its proximity to heritage buildings and its connection to the memory of our first Prime Minister.

ECONOMIC IMPACT

DT What do you anticipate to be the economic benefit of this project to Malaysia’s economy?

TA The transformation of this historic part of Kuala Lumpur began as early as 2016, with new developments bringing fresh energy to the area. Boutique hotels, sleek residences, vibrant restaurants, and charming cafés now line the streets, while once-forgotten back lanes have been reimagined as pedestrian-friendly, "Insta-worthy" spots. Merdeka 118 builds on this revitalisation, further elevating the area’s appeal as a hub for tourism, leisure, and hospitality. Its presence strengthens local businesses, attracts visitors, and enhances the city's global profile. Through initiatives like the Community Grants Programme, Merdeka 118 also fosters growth and resilience within the surrounding community, ensuring lasting economic benefits for the country.

EC Do you foresee any economic spin-off from the innovations introduced in this project that would be of benefit to our country?

TA Merdeka 118 is poised to become a global destination, attracting both local and international investments while boosting the tourism, retail, hospitality, and cultural industries. Its presence strengthens Kuala Lumpur’s position as a dynamic economic hub, driving business growth and creating job opportunities across multiple sectors.

The revitalisation of the surrounding area, supported by improved infrastructure and community-driven initiatives, fosters entrepreneurship and enhances commercial activities. The integration of the Merdeka Textile Museum (MTM) further elevates the precinct’s cultural and historical significance, making it a key attraction for visitors. As a new architectural landmark, it complements the Kuala Lumpur skyline and serves as a catalyst for long-term economic growth.

ASPIRATIONS FOR THE PROJECT

DT What aspects of the building are you most proud of apart from the fact that it is the 2nd Tallest Tower in the world?

FB Aside from being the second-tallest tower in the world, what I’m most proud of is how it dominates the city skyline. The building features a unique, faceted, slender form, resembling an elongated crystalline diamond. Its 40-story spire is also distinct in both shape and structure.

When fully completed, with all its attractions, this tower will be even more remarkable. Imagine standing on the Glass Floor at Level 40, taking the Observation Deck Lift from Level 1 to Level 118 at an exhilarating speed of 8 meters per second, reaching the top in just 78 seconds. You'll also be able to step into the glass capsules on the east and west sides of Level 116M, 495 meters above ground.

For the adventurous, there’s the Edge Walk, a 30-meter glass floor outside the building, and the opportunity to climb the spire to 566 meters, where you can enjoy a 360-degree view of the KL skyline. These experiences will undoubtedly make you want to visit the tower again and again.

Currently, the tower stands alone, as the surrounding phases, including the residential towers on the East and West, are still under development. As a result, it captures the attention of the entire city and has already established itself as a landmark. It’s a symbol that places Malaysia on the global map.

A unique architectural detail that might go unnoticed is that the tower’s spire points north. So, if you ever find yourself lost in the city, simply look up, and you’ll know which way to go!

EC What are your aspirations for Merdeka 118 and the entire precinct? How would you like the entire development to be perceived, appreciated or utilised?

TA Merdeka 118 was envisioned as a catalyst for change, driving economic revitalisation and growth for the surrounding area. It also reflects our commitment to sustainability in its design, architecture, and construction, making it a forward-thinking workplace of the future.

The Merdeka 118 precinct will be a landmark that seamlessly integrates culture, history, community, and business. Our aspiration is for Merdeka 118 to be a global destination that represents Malaysia’s rich heritage.

We didn’t want this tower to stand out as an isolated structure. Instead, we ensured that it integrates seamlessly into the surrounding infrastructure. Roads were reconfigured to improve accessibility, and we engaged with the local community from the outset to address their concerns.

This project also rejuvenates the Merdeka Stadium area, which had been underutilised for years. By incorporating mixed-use elements such as residential, retail, and hotel components, we have created a vibrant, 24-hour precinct rather than a simple 9-to-5 business district.

LESSONS AND OPPORTUNITIES

DT What lessons from this collaboration and project have you internalised in your practice?

FB Working with multiple local and international consultants has taught us the importance of clearly understanding each other’s roles, responsibilities, and limitations. This helps avoid discrepancies, especially when producing drawings, documents and specifications. In a large-scale project like this, where multiple specialists are involved, defining the scope from the start is also crucial.

As the project evolves, it’s important to check in periodically to ensure everyone is aligned with their original responsibilities. But above all, clear and open communication, along with strong coordination at both macro and micro levels, is key. Within our architectural team, we’ve applied the same approach internally to stay organised and deliver the best possible service to our clients.

DT Are you optimistic about the prospects of Malaysian architecture firms to be world-class — and be able to compete on the same footing globally? What urgently needs to be done for our profession to thrive?

FB I’m definitely optimistic about the future. Malaysian architecture firms have all the tools they need to become world-class players. We have the knowledge, expertise, and talent to compete on the global stage. Many Malaysian architects are already involved in international projects, which is proof that our capabilities are recognised and valued worldwide.

The key is to shift our mindset. As local architects, we need to believe that we are just as capable as anyone else out there. With the right opportunities, we can shape the architectural landscape both in Malaysia and abroad.

The rapid advancement of technology, coupled with the wealth of knowledge now at our fingertips — particularly with new building materials and advanced design software—means there’s no limit to what we can achieve. The sky’s the limit.

All we need to do is continue learning and applying this knowledge to our projects.

TA With the right exposure and collaboration, local firms can continue to grow and compete on a global scale. Encouraging innovation and fostering partnerships with international experts will further strengthen Malaysia’s architectural landscape.

EC Will Malaysia see another super-tall skyscraper in the future?

TA That depends on feasibility. If there is demand and economic justification for another tower, it could happen. But for now, we are proud that Merdeka 118 is completed and will have lasting benefits for the city.